In many parts of the world, women live significantly longer than men. The average global life expectancy for men is 69.6 years, compared to 74.5 years for women. In some countries, women outlive men by more than a decade. While this gap in lifespan is well-known, health experts have long struggled to pinpoint the exact reasons behind it.
Though there are several biological and cultural factors at play, experts believe that a few simple social changes could help bridge the longevity gap between men and women.
Biological Factors at Play
Several factors contribute to the life expectancy difference between men and women. Dr. Rahul Chaudhary, a cardiologist in Dubai, suggests that hormones are a major contributor. “Before menopause, women have estrogen, which has a cardio-protective effect,” Dr. Chaudhary explained. Estrogen helps maintain a healthier lipid profile, offering protection against atherosclerosis, a condition where cholesterol deposits build up in the arteries. As a result, women generally develop heart disease about a decade later than men.
Men, on the other hand, have higher levels of testosterone, which can affect vascular health. Testosterone’s impact on the brain and vascular system makes men more prone to high blood pressure, heart disease, and vascular dementia, which are more common in men than women.
Behavioral and Social Differences
Beyond biology, there are key social and behavioral differences that influence health and longevity. Women tend to eat healthier, have better coping mechanisms for stress, and are more likely to seek medical care. They also engage in more social support networks, which help them manage emotional strain and reduce harmful behaviors like smoking, alcohol consumption, and aggression.
Men, by contrast, are often less likely to visit the doctor regularly, with fewer preventative health habits. Dr. Chaudhary points out that “women are more compliant with medical advice,” which could contribute to their longer lives. Socially, men are less integrated, and their tendency to suppress emotions, particularly vulnerability, may contribute to mental health struggles and poor health outcomes.
Mental Health and Suicide Rates
Mental health is another critical factor in life expectancy. While women are more likely to develop dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, men face a greater risk of suicide. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, suicide rates are four times higher in men than in women, with similar trends observed in the UK. In both countries, suicide is the leading cause of death for men under the age of 45.
Dr. Annette Schonder, a psychologist and sociologist, notes that “the higher the rate of social integration, the lower the rates of suicide.” She attributes women’s greater propensity for emotional expression and support-seeking behavior as key factors in their lower suicide rates. Men, by contrast, are less likely to talk about their feelings, which may contribute to increased anxiety and mental health issues.
A Cultural Shift Toward Male Vulnerability
While biological factors undoubtedly play a role, experts argue that a cultural shift could help men live longer, healthier lives. Increased awareness and acceptance of male vulnerability, especially around mental health, could dramatically reduce the gender lifespan gap.
Rehabilitation clinics and private counselors in places like the UAE have reported a rising number of male clients seeking help. Marie Byrne, a counselor in Dubai, noted that the percentage of male clients increased from 35% in 2022 to 55% in 2024. “If men are happier, they will take more interest in their own health and well-being, which can promote longevity,” she said.
In high-income nations, where women live longer but report worse health (the “health-survival paradox”), a cultural shift encouraging men to seek help for stress and anxiety could have a significant impact on longevity.
Social Support and Marriage
Marriage also plays a role in male longevity. Studies have shown that married men tend to live longer than bachelors, largely due to better health monitoring, social support, and reduced risk-taking behaviors. Shared responsibilities and structured household routines in marriage also contribute to improved overall well-being.
Genetics and Risk-Taking Behaviors
While genetics play a role in longevity—women, for example, have two X chromosomes that are thought to contribute to better immunity—men’s risk-taking behaviors also come into play. Men are more likely to engage in dangerous activities and high-risk jobs, which can shorten their lifespans. Additionally, testosterone is associated with a higher propensity for aggression and impulsivity, which can lead to negative health outcomes.
Dr. Schonder also highlights that “most men who see me literally have no one to talk to,” pointing out that men are often reluctant to open up about their struggles, viewing vulnerability as a weakness. This reluctance to seek help when needed can delay treatment for mental health issues and burnout.
Conclusion
Although a variety of biological and environmental factors contribute to the difference in life expectancy between men and women, experts agree that simple social changes could make a significant difference. By encouraging men to adopt healthier lifestyles, seek medical care more regularly, and embrace vulnerability through improved social connections, society could help narrow the gender gap in longevity. While men may face inherent challenges due to biology and genetics, these cultural shifts may ultimately increase their life expectancy and overall well-being.
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